Because of the pads’ isolation, after 1962 Saturn designers were less concerned about the damage that a launch pad explosion could do to the surrounding area than they were about the damage that an explosion could do to the astronauts who were trying to escape it. It was held down to the pad by four pairs of holddown arms that kept the rocket secure until the five F-1 engines achieved their proper thrust, at which time the arms retracted and the rocket lifted off the pad. The figure of 599 tons of TNT is therefore an absolute limit, and the study’s authors suggested that the likely yield was probably only 60 percent of this, or around 400 tons. There were proposals to use eight F-1 engines on the first stage of the Saturn C-8 and Nova rockets.
NASA’s September 1963 explosion hazards study divided the hazards from a Saturn V explosion into six categories: overpressure, dynamic pressure, fire, acoustic intensity, shrapnel, and impulse. Mowery considered seven factors that could disturb the liftoff path of the vehicle. Naturally, this was a significant concern for Apollo program officials. The Saturn V was designed to be capable of launching in windy conditions with no risk of tower collision—provided nothing else went wrong during liftoff. The primary purpose of Mowery’s study was not to estimate the chances that a tower collision could take place, but to determine what factors could cause it. However, they admitted that some of their conclusions were little more than educated guesses. The Saturn was most loaded with fuel at that point and posed the greatest danger to people on the ground.
Saturn V Launch Vehicle Range Safety Operations The Saturn V Launch Vehicle had a predetermined launch trajjyectory If it deviated from this trajectory, to the degree that it could endanger life or property (shownlife or property (shown in the blue band)… The Range Safety Officer (RSO) would send a command to thesend a command to the In 1961 and 1962, NASA planners decided the locations of physical structures for the two Saturn V launch pads, and designated the pads Launch Complexes 39A and 39B. SATURN I Rocket Explosion 1961. In September 1963, NASA conducted a short study of Saturn V booster explosion hazards and how they affected the survivability of the Apollo spacecraft. The study’s authors concluded that there was the equivalent of 222,000 kilograms of TNT in the S-IC first stage, 253,000 kilograms of TNT in the S-II second stage, and 68,000 kilograms of TNT in the S-IVB third stage. For an abort from the launch pad, parachutes in the CM's nose would deploy immediately after BPC separation; for aborts at higher altitudes and farther downrange, the CM would turn its bowl-shaped heatshield forward to protect it from reentry heating and to shed velocity prior to parachute deployment. Although the fireball would be the biggest ever produced by a non-nuclear detonation, at most the capsule would spend only two to three seconds inside of the fireball and the temperature would never be greater than what the spacecraft was already designed to withstand during reentry.
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